The most striking finding is that the consumption of the vitamin above helps smokers to be free from lung cancer . The low chance of contracting the disease occurs up to 50 percent, a really impressive number.

Vitamin B6 can be taken as tablets through different multivitamins , however, is present in the regular diet of those already listed in meat, fish, nuts and other similar foods.

It should also be noted that the intake of vitamin B6 is not only important to lower the likelihood of some type of cancer disease , but also serves to maintain strong and undamaged DNA.

With regard to lung cancer, experts claimed that, despite taking vitamins help to decrease the risk of contracting it, the best option for the disorder is not quit. Snuff consumption is the main cause of lung cancer deaths, and no doubt that any vitamin will be strong enough to stop the damage caused by snuff and nicotine.

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However, no one is aware of the terrible effects that smoking has on the human body. Does the principal? Lung cancer, of course. This is a disease that more lives are collected worldwide, and worst of all is that his work on the smoker is very slow, gradually destroying it.

For many years, the highest number of deaths from lung cancer was in men. But now that has reversed, and women are more prone to dying from the disease. In Europe there have been studies that show that the number of cases among females has increased at twice the previous years.

And the reason is actually very simple to identify: the cigarette. Smokers are started with the habit from a young age. Usually, they begin college age but in many cases you can see smoke in high school adolescents.

According to research, the biggest risk for women smokers reach age 60. At that age the body is extremely deteriorated due to snuff and soar into the stratosphere the chances of dying from lung cancer . A thought.

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In this study the three genes involved (TTF1, NKX2-8 and PAX9) would be activated and would cause a pattern of fetal gene expression, causing abnormal proliferation of cells that give rise to the tumor.

Apparently, the mutations of these genes is common in some types of lung cancer. The mechanism by which these genes are activated in the fetal stage of growth in the adult is not known exactly, but if you know that if you disable these genes could halt tumor growth.

The most important thing is that the tumor may regress if these genes are turned off. Although this is still under study and will take years before it can be applied directly as a treatment for advanced lung cancer.

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Compared with what is, by far, the first female cancer, both incidence and mortality, “the breast, is that in the EU, the mortality has fallen by 9% between 1990 and 2007, and Spain 24%. The projection of what will happen in Spain seems clear. With the delay due to the late entry of women to smoking, the country follows the same path traveled by U.S. and northern Europe, where lung cancer is already the leading cause of death in women, ahead of breast (in large studies comparing these two women with colorectal cancer, which are the first, and in men breast changes the prostate). For example, this is the case in Denmark since 1996. In Hungary the case since 2005 or so. And if it confirms the trend, and there is no indication that it will not be confirmed, the projections are that Spain will occur after 2020, indicates Massutí Bartholomew, secretary of the Spanish Group for Lung Cancer (GEPC).

This different behavior has multiple causes. On the one hand, the increase in female smoking, second, that of the tumors, breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, which are often used as an index is one that has a worse prognosis (it is estimated that only 20% of patients survive for five years, which is the period in oncology is considered to be cured.) It also has a worse early diagnosis, fewer previous indicators and there something like a mammogram or colonoscopy to detect early. Instead, Massutí indicates that these four tumors, “is that it is easier to prevent.” And here comes to snuff. “Lung cancer has two types of cases clear: first, direct exposure to smoke from snuff, the second-hand smoke,” said Massutí sharp.

The influence of snuff smoke is so clear and even measured the difference between exposure in the workplace and at home in the case of passive smoking. And the result, published last year by the journal Cancer research is clear: work environment pollution by 27% snuff increases the risk of lung cancer. When harm is at home, the increase is 23%.

The only work is another factor leading to an increased risk of more than 1%: the presence of radon, a gas that is on the rocks. “This is important especially in parts of Asia,” says Massutí. The rest, such as diet or radiation, has a minor influence. In this group of other factors is, of course, air pollution, one of the most repeated arguments by opponents of a ban on smoking in public places. But the data show that, on average, “does not increase the risk of lung cancer in a nonsmoker over 1%,” says the expert. The main cause is that the fumes from cars and industries are not cancerous, but, unless you target the head in an exhaust pipe, are in an area where it is diluted.

Another worrisome fact: they smoked, brand. And having left not eliminate the consequences. At age 75, who left the snuff at 50 has a 6% increased risk of getting lung cancer. So Massutí is clear: “The best thing is to not start.”

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How is it diagnosed?
The first step is the realization of the history. It is essential to know the symptoms for the patient comes to the consultation and to investigate whether or not smoking, the type of work done, family history of disease and personal history of another tumor. The second step is the realization of the physical examination of the patient for signs and symptoms that could correspond to the Lung Cancer.

With this information the doctor assesses the need to complete the study with a series of tests. The most common are:

Blood and urine: are the first tests performed. These reforms seek to know the condition of the patient. Whether you have impaired liver or kidney function.

Ray: is a crucial test in the diagnosis of lung cancer. The appearance of nodules or spots on the lung, changes in the mediastinum, or pleural effusion (accumulation of fluid in the pleura) are some suggestive signs of the disease.

Sputum cytology: is to analyze under a microscope the type of cells that exist in the patient’s sputum. This must be collected first thing in the morning three samples. The effectiveness of this test depends largely on tumor size and its proximity to the main bronchi.

Bronchoscopy: is used to examine the trachea and bronchi directly from within them. This is done by introducing a flexible tube called a bronchoscope into the airway. The interior has fiber optic tube that allows specialists to visualize all the way from a TV monitor. It also has a mechanism to take samples of suspicious lesions, and later analyze under a microscope. At other times, when injuries are not visible through the bronchoscope is introduced to wash the area and once aspirated are analyzed under a microscope the cells they contain.

For this test the patient should be fasting. The pulmonologist (lung specialist doctor), before introducing the bronchoscope should numb the area of the throat, larynx, trachea and bronchi. Some people notice a feeling of suffocation when the tube down the throat, but in reality does not occur.

The patient usually has nausea and cough until the area is anesthetized. About two hours after the test, the patient can eat and drink.

Bronchoscopy also provides information on where the tumor sits, the structures that affect …, some interesting data to plan treatments.

Fine needle aspiration: is to get cells from injury by performing a spinal thoracic fine needle, usually controlled by a computerized tomography (CT). This technique is used when the tumor is located in a peripheral area of the chest which is not easily accessible by bronchoscopy. Sometimes there may be a pneumothorax (air flow into the pleural space), which is easily solved.

What more evidence can be made?

Once diagnosed with lung injury, it must determine the extent to both local and distant disease. For this, the doctor will order a series of tests to complete the study:

Scan or CT (Computed Tomography) scanner is an X-ray machine, which makes X-rays of the patient from various angles. These images are combined and processed in a computer to make room for films in which very accurately visualize all organs. This technique is of great importance when making decisions regarding treatment.

It is a painless test that takes place in 20 to 30 minutes, time that it is necessary that the patient remain motionless on the couch of the scanner. In lung cancer is performed in the thoracic, abdominal and / or injury.
Chest CT: It has the advantage of detecting abnormalities not visible on chest radiograph and provide information on the status of the mediastinum (lymph node involvement), chest wall invasion or presence of pleural effusions.
Abdominal CT scan is performed to study the extent of disease to organs like the liver or adrenal glands.
Cranial CT: is used to determine the existence of possible brain metastases (in patients with suspected presence).
Bone scan: is a test used to assess the presence or absence of bone metastases, is bone involvement by tumor cells. It consists of intravenous injection of a radioactive substance (isotope) that is attached to the bone. The areas of bone tumor involvement have captured more of isotopes and are displayed as darker areas.
Positron emission tomography (PET): a novel technique to detect lesions not visible by other means. It involves inserting a contrast with glucose (a type of sugar) that is taken up most avidly by tumor cells than normal cells, so tumor lesions appear as areas marked.
Spirometry: is to evaluate the patient’s lung capacity to blow him. To quantify parameters to see if you can undergo surgery (removing part or all of a lung) without risk.

What to do to decrease the discomfort associated with conducting medical tests?

The proof required to obtain an accurate diagnosis of lung cancer are not painful, although some of them can sometimes be difficult to tolerate.

Some recommendations to make it easier for these tests are:

Go together. Chatting with someone close will help you be more relaxed.
Ask your doctor to explain what will happen. Do not be misled by your imagination.
Focus only on what happens in each moment.
Use a relaxation technique before and during the conduct of the test.
If you’re nervous, tell your doctor. You can give some medication to reduce anxiety about the situation.

Being quiet, relaxed, follow the instructions of a specialist and eliminate negative thoughts from the mind may help you tolerate the tests better.

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The symptoms depend on the location and extent of the tumor. The most common are:
Coughing is the most common symptom. It is caused by bronchial irritation. It is often accompanied by expectoration. It is characteristic of tumors that are located in the central area of the lungs. In those patients, usually smokers who had cough and respiratory problems as a result, what occurs is an increase or exacerbation of this symptom.
Hemoptysis or bloody sputum: a striking symptom for the patient and often that leads him to seek medical advice.
Dyspnea: the patient begins to notice shortness of breath, which prevents it from growing any effort such as climbing stairs. It is more common in tumors located in the central area of the lungs.
Chest pain, pain occurs when the tumor affects the chest wall or pleura. It is usually characteristic of tumors located in the most peripheral of the lungs.

Other symptoms:
Dysphonia: sometimes the patient notices changes in his voice. This symptom occurs when the tumor extends into the mediastinum, recurrent nerve and affects that is what drives the vocal cords.
Dysphagia: the patient feels that the food will remain in that half of the chest. Occurs when the tumor or affected lymph nodes compressing the esophagus.
Horner’s syndrome: This occurs when the tumor involves neural structures in the upper chest. It is characterized by the drooping eyelid (ptosis), pupil contracted (miosis) and lack of sweating in the middle of the face for the lung where the tumor is located.

In cases of advanced disease have symptoms such as loss of appetite, malaise, joint pain, fatigue, weakness, confusion, dizziness or loss of weight.

Any other symptoms may appear as a result of the presence of metastases in other organs. For example, if there is headache pain brain metastasis or involvement of the lumbar spine.
It is important to know that these symptoms can also appear associated with diseases other than cancer. However, given the occurrence of any of them, it is essential that you contact your doctor to make the diagnosis and treatment.

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A risk factor is any agent that increases the risk of developing a particular disease, ie, a person exposed to this factor has more chances of getting the disease.

Several factors that are related with lung cancer. These include:

Snuff: between 80-90% of lung cancers occur in smokers, or who have recently quit, but no concrete evidence that smoking is associated with a specific histological subtype, but tends to relate more to the with squamous cell carcinoma and small cell cancer, and less frequently with adenocarcinoma. Smokers have a risk of 10 to 20 times more likely to develop lung cancer (according to the number of cigarettes smoked per day) than non-smokers. The use of snuff light does not change the risk of the disease.

Passive smokers also have increased the risk of developing lung cancer. In general terms, is similar to that of smokers of one to two cigarettes a day. Of the components of smoke carcinogens snuff out as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Quitting smoking reduces the risk of developing lung cancer, so that after 15 years approximates that of nonsmokers. This decrease depends on all of the time of consumption.

Occupations: workers in contact with asbestos (insulation, mining, textile industry) and petroleum and its derivatives, have a higher lung cancer rates. It has also been correlated with exposure to nickel and radon.

Age: As in most tumors, the risk of developing lung cancer increases with age.

Sex: Men have a lung cancer rate three times higher than women. This is because the female population that has begun in the habit of smoking 30-40 years later than men.

Genetic factors: the risk of developing lung cancer is multiplied by four when a family history of the disease.

Benign: Patients diagnosed with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are at increased risk of developing lung cancer. It has also been correlated with pulmonary fibrosis or scleroderma language.

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Our body consists of organs and these in turn by a group of cells, which are divided on a regular basis to replace aging or dead and thereby maintain the integrity and smooth functioning of various organs. This process is regulated by a number of mechanisms that tell the cell when to start to divide and when to remain stable.

If these mechanisms are altered in a cell, it and its offspring begin uncontrolled division that eventually will lead to a tumor or nodule. When these cells grow uncontrollably also acquire the ability to invade surrounding tissues and organs (infiltration) and to move and grow in other parts of the body (metastasis) is called a malignant tumor, which is what we call cancer. When the tumor cells ability to invade surrounding healthy tissues and reach distant organs and implant in them are located in the lung, we talk about lung cancer.

This malignant tumor can grow in three ways:

Local growth: the local growth is caused by deep invasion through the lung wall (inside out). It can affect surrounding structures, which will differ depending on the location of the tumor in the lung (central or peripheral upper or lower). So that may affect the heart, great vessels, esophagus, or vertebral bodies.

Lymphatic spread: this is done via the lymph. When tumors are located in the middle and lower thirds of the lungs are affected mainly the mediastinal lymph nodes (anatomical area situated between the two lungs where structures are as important as the heart, trachea, esophagus, and large vessels). When tumors are located in the upper third, the most affected are lymph supraclavicular (above the collarbone).

Hematogenous spread: This spread is through blood vessel, preferably to the liver, adrenal glands (located above the kidneys), brain and bones.

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But unfortunately, even for those who have never lit a cigarette, there is also a risk of developing lung cancer. Sure, of 15-20 times lower than those who smoke but, nevertheless, among the sick is a tangible 53% women and 15% of male non-smokers.

We always wondered why this incidence and one of the most plausible explanations is the exposure to ETS. New research conducted in New York found that the head of lung cancer is, however, a gene, the “GPC5″, whose lack of activity would be responsible for the problem.

The study was conducted on a sample of 754 volunteers who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their entire lives. The researchers collected DNA samples and have collected data on genetic differences of the subjects, their personal history and a good variation of factors such as possible exposure to passive smoking, respiratory diseases and so on.

Following the research, were identified in two DNA alterations on chromosome 13, which may grow by 60% the risk of this cancer among non-smokers.

Will be necessary in the future more research to understand what the true role of gender GPC5 on lung cancer and eventually devise a method to remove any risk of disease among those who have the habit of smoking.

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A percentage of 30% of patients with lung cancer, it would be for a genetic cause. To find U.S. researchers who have found genetic variations responsible for these cases of lung cancer.
Dr. Ping Yang and colleagues at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester have found that the variations on chromosome 13, alterebbero the GPC5 that, because of its failure would no longer be able to serve as an immunosuppressant cancer, increasing by almost 60 % the risk of developing lung cancer among non-smokers.

The details of this work have been published in the journal Lancet Oncology.

Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer among men and third among women

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