Posts Tagged ‘Cervical Cancer’
Pap Test
Cell samples are placed in a holder (glass) and fixed with a standard solution hair spray, to be preserved and sent to a laboratory expert in cellular assays (histologist) that by means of staining and microscopic examination determines the hormonal of the cells received, the components (inflammatory cells, some cells infectious, etc.) and whether any cellular alteration in the smear analysis.
The primary objective of the Pap test is the early diagnosis of cellular alterations that lead to cervical cancer , which will allow us to take preventive action to avoid the development and consequences of gynecological cancer second (the first is that of the breast).
According to this analysis gives a summary report that after many attempts to rank for all doctors, gynecologists and histologists the world mean the same thing (not easy), is as follows:
1. SMEAR NORMAL: no phones or inflammatory disorders.
2. ASCUS: atypical cell changes but undefined (not cancer cells, but they are not normal).
3. LSIL (low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion grade), bone, cells sense altered in cancer, but low grade.
4. HSIL (high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion grade). bone, cancer cells still localized and not visible to the naked eye.
5. CARCINOMA: cancer cells, and possibly macroscopically visible (the eye)
Who and when to do Pap smear?
All women from the start of their sex should be done systematically at least once a year (sometimes at 2 years, even after menopause within three years) a smear of control. The test frequency is decided by the gynecologist as the patient’s personal history (infections, history, etc)
Cervical Cancer
One of the most common types of cancer that attacks young women today is the cervical cancer . The disease can be caused by the appearance of the human papilloma virus, which spread through sex.
The area commonly hosts this type of cancer covers the bottom of the uterus or womb. This is a place of great importance since it is responsible for the normal course of pregnancy.
It is known that the consumption of snuff as well as sexual promiscuity, low socioeconomic status, menopause after age 52, diabetes, high blood pressure and having many children or begun to be sexually active age are low causes of this disease.
The clearest symptom is bleeding between menstrual periods or postcoital. Either way, it may happen that in some cases the tumor is asymptomatic.
It is therefore recommended the implementation of the Pap test called as soon as a woman starts her sexual life .
The study, which is one of the methods more reliable screening should be repeated every 12 months for 2 or 3 years. If the results indicate good health in all cases, can be performed every 3 years.
Cervical Cancer
As many already know, cancer is a diverse group of diseases that cause the body of an affected person produces a surplus of large malignant cells , which can sometimes metastasize and, consequently, the emergence of tumors that can reach be malignant (and in many cases can cause death).
The cervical cancer (also known as cervical cancer or carcinoma), meanwhile, develops in the lower fibromuscular uterus that projects into the vagina. This is the second most common cancer among women, not to mention also established as the most lethal cancer for women.
This is because the vast majority of patients suffering from this disease (especially when they pass through stage IV) die before long. Note that the best way to save a cancer of this magnitude is detected early and treated appropriately. Because cervical cancer generally do not present any symptoms, it is essential that all the women to have Pap tests annually to determine an abnormality.
On the other hand, note that the risk factors for cervical cancer may vary depending on the characteristics of the virus as the infected. On the other hand, it is essential to consider both cervical cancer and any type of cancer can develop in a few months or be produced for over ten years.
Main symptoms and diagnosis
Cervical cancer is most often develop in women who do not undergo medical checkups regularly. The symptoms of this disease include abnormal bleeding (outside the menstrual period), unexplained vaginal discharge, pain in the pubis and uncomfortable sensations when you have sex (intercourse).
Regarding the diagnosis of cervical cancer , it is essential to consider that this disease rarely produces symptoms. Despite this, sometimes the symptoms usually occur earlier mentioned, so it is essential to have an urgent medical investigation. While these symptoms may indicate another type of disorder, also may try to cervical cancer which needs to be treated immediately.
Treatment and prevention
Treatment for cancer cervical varies the extent of cancer, but usually consists of surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Therapy should be chosen depending on the severity of the cancer in question.
With regard to prevention methods that can be used against this disease, it is essential that women be vaccinated against human papilloma virus. On the other hand, is very important to undergo a Pap test every year and avoid maintaining sexual relationships with many people (otherwise it is essential to use condoms).
Finally, it is important to note that the snuff and the excessive intake of alcohol can also contribute to the development of this disease.
Cervical Cancer Treatments
There are treatments for all patients with cervical cancer. Uses three kinds of treatment:
* Surgery (taking out the cancer in an operation)
* Radiation therapy (high energy radiation to kill cancer cells).
* Chemotherapy (drugs or “poison” to kill cancer cells).
The cancer can be removed using any of the following:
*Cryosurgery involves the removal of the cancer by freezing.
*The laser surgery is the use of a beam of intense light to kill cancer cells.
*Conization is the removal of a piece of fabric into a cone shape in the location of the abnormality. It is used for biopsies, but also for the treatment of early cancers of the cervix.
*Electrosurgical excision (LEEP, an acronym in English) uses an electric current passes through a thin wire loop, which serves as a blade.
*A hysterectomy is an operation that removes the entire uterus, including all cervical cancer as well.
1.Histerectomia Vaginal. The uterus is removed through the vagina.
Stages of Cervical Cancer
The following stages are used in the classification of cervical cancer:
Stage or carcinoma in situ. Carcinoma in situ is very early cancer. Abnormal cells are found only in the first layer of cells lining the cervix, and do not invade deeper tissues of the cervix.
Stage I. Cancer involves the cervix but has not spread to the surroundings.
Ia: a very small amount of cancer, only visible under the microscope, is already in the deeper tissue of the cervix.
Ib: a greater amount of cancer in this tissue.
Stage II. The cancer has spread to nearby areas, but still in the pelvic area.
II-a: the cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the upper two thirds of the vagina.
II-b: The cancer has spread to tissue surrounding the cervix.
Stage III. The cancer has spread to the entire pelvic area. May have spread to the bottom of the vagina, or infiltrate the ureters (the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder).
Stage IV. The cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
IV-a: Spread to the bladder or rectum (organs close to the cervix)
IV-b: Spread to distant organs like the lungs.
Appellant. Recurrent disease (relapse) means the cancer has returned after having been treated. It can occur in the cervix itself or appear in another location.
Description of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is a common type of cancer in women, and is a disease in which cells are cancerous (malignant) in the tissues of the cervix.
The uterus is the hollow organ, inverted pear-shaped, where a fetus grows. The neck or uterine cervix is an opening that connects the uterus to the vagina (birth canal).
Cervical cancer begins to grow slowly. Before appearing cancer cells in the cervix, normal tissues of the cervix go through a process known as dysplasia, in which abnormal cells begin to appear.
A Papanicolaou cytology usually find these pre-malignant cells. Later, cancer cells start to grow and spread more deeply into the cervix and surrounding areas.
Since there is generally no symptoms associated with cervical cancer usually involves a series of tests to diagnose:
*Papanicolaou cytology: is carried out using a piece of cotton, a brush or a small wooden spatula to gently scrape the outside of the cervix to collect cells. The patient may feel some pressure, which in some cases accompanied by pain.
*Biopsy. If abnormal cells are found, the doctor will remove a sample of tissue from the cervix and observe under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. To perform a biopsy only need a small amount of tissue can be done in the doctor’s office. Sometimes you need to remove a biopsy sample cone-shaped, larger (cone), for which it may be necessary to go to hospital.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and choice of treatment depend on the stage of the cancer (if only in the cervix or has spread to other places) and the general state of health.
Metastases In Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer can be in several ways:
* Straight through growth in the area
* By metastases in the lymfbaan
* By metastases in the blood
If the cancer grows, it may penetrate the underlying muscle layer of the pelvic floor, in the vagina or the uterus, at a later stage in the bladder, the rectum or the abdominal cavity.
There may also be detached and tumor cells through the lymphatic and / or blood dissemination. If metastases occur, especially in cervical cancer through the illnesses of the circulatory. Dissemination through the blood of cervical cancer occurs less often and then only at a later stage. Then metastases occur in the lungs, bones or liver. Read the rest of this entry »
Cervical Cancer
according to the data are recorded 2100 new cases of cervical cancer annually, with an annual mortality of 740 women, representing each day die in this country two people for this kind of disease, which is situated between the second and third most common malignancy in women in Spain between 15 and 44. According to scientists, according to epidemiological data in Spain, as elsewhere in Europe, are 16 and 18 genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) that are associated with 70% of all cases and compared to which the efficacy of Cervarix vaccine is nearly 100%, as demonstrated by this trial. Read the rest of this entry »