Endoscopy changes its name in the body area to be explored: laryngoscopy (larynx), gastroscopy (stomach), colonoscopy (colon), cystoscopy (bladder), etc.

*For some endoscopies needed to make a small incision, if it is in the abdomen, one speaks of laparoscopy in the chest, thoracoscopy, etc..

*There are cases where the cancer screening practice with general anesthesia requires a large incision to directly view the area. It speaks of scans to open surgery.

The latest in surgery: laser, cold…

Some of the most innovative techniques in cancer surgery are applied to laser surgery, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, Mohs surgery and laparoscopic surgery.

*Laser surgery. The laser is a beam of light energy. In surgery is used for work requiring high accuracy. For example, to vaporize cancer cells in tumors of the cervix, larynx, liver, rectum, or skin (photoablation). It is also often applied in palliative surgery, for example, when a large tumor pressing the trachea or esophagus and cause difficulty breathing or swallowing.

*Cryosurgery. Its purpose is to freeze and destroy cancer cells. It uses liquid nitrogen or a cold rod. This technique is used sometimes to treat precancerous stages as those that occur in the cervix. Under study is its application to other cancers such as prostate.

*Electrosurgery. Used high-frequency electrical currents to destroy cells. It applies to some skin cancers and mouth.

*Mohs Surgery. The surgeon cuts the skin layer appears to be affected by cancer. That skin is examined immediately under a microscope. Then go back to remove some of the surrounding tissue and is re-examined under the microscope. This process is repeated until it is established that there is any abnormal cell.

*Laparoscopic surgery. Small holes are made by introducing the various surgical instruments, including the endoscope. It is used for some forms of cancer, including gastric, colon, ovary or endometrium.

Oncological

Surgery is the oldest treatment for cancer. This applies especially in cases where the tumor is well defined and has not spread to other parts of the body. Thanks to advances in surgical techniques is becoming increasingly feasible to remove the tumor without damaging healthy tissue or vital functions.

Operations with different objectives

Interventions can be made for different purposes:
*Preventive, when tissue is removed is not evil but is likely to become so.
*Diagnostics, to take a tissue sample can then analyze whether or not cancerous.
*Staging, to determine the extent of the disease.
*Healing, to remove the tumor completely. The intervention is often accompanied by other treatments of chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both.
*Reducers, is used to remove only part of the tumor, when you note that their complete removal may cause damage to organs and surrounding areas. The party has not been withdrawn will be treated using tumor after chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

*Palliative to treat complications associated with tumor progression. For example, to relieve a bowel obstruction resulting from cancer in the abdomen.
*Reparative and reconstructive. For example, when performing an operation to put a breast prosthesis after a mastectomy procedure in which you can get to empty a breast affected by a tumor.

For diagnostic purposes

Interventions for diagnostic (or to assess the extent of the tumor) are available a variety of techniques and medical instruments.

*A just cause discomfort to the patient and do not require anesthesia, as puncture-needle aspiration. To extract a sample of the tumor for analysis later. “Disadvantages? The amount of tissue is so small it does not always make an accurate diagnosis.

There is a belief that can help extend the tumor. But it is an unfounded fear because the probability that clicking with the needle can extend the tumor is extremely low.

*The biopsy is one of the most used techniques. It can be done with needles, but are common practice that after performing a small incision. In this case require anesthesia.

Breast cancer can occur in various forms, including the following five types:

breast cancer in situ ducal carcinoma in situ and LCI – many breast cancers detected early, usually by mammography are classified as in situ or invasive breast cancer. These early cellular changes may develop into invasive cancer. Two types of breast cancer in situ are:
Ducal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) means that abnormal cells are found only in the lining of a line of breast milk. These abnormal cells have not spread outside the channel. There are different types of ducal carcinoma in situ. If not removed, some may change over time and are an invasive cancer, while others are not. DCIS is sometimes called intraductal carcinoma.
LCI (lobular carcinoma in situ) means that the abnormal cells are found in the lining of a milk lobule.LCI, although it is not regarded as the true breast cancer at this stage non-invasive, it is a warning sign of an increased risk of developing invasive cancer. LCI is sometimes a biopsy for a fixed exchange rate or other unforeseen detected a mammogram.
Invasive breast cancer – this form of cancer in the milk ducts or lobules and spread of breast tissue that surrounds them. Tumors can be found during an examination or screening of breast cancers, such as a mammogram. The size of the tumor, as it is under the microscope and whether it has spread to lymph nodes determines the severity of cancer, therapies and treatments to make a difference.
Metastatic breast cancer – begins in metastatic breast cancer, but extends outside the breast through the blood or lymphatic system to other organs. Women usually develop metastatic disease within months or years after the diagnosis of breast cancer. The most common cancer spreads beyond the breast bone of a patient, lung, liver and brain.
Locally advanced breast cancer – inflammatory breast cancer is a rare but very serious and aggressive breast cancer. The breast may be red and hot. A patient may see ridges, welts or hives on the breast or wrinkled skin can. It is sometimes misdiagnosed as an infection.
Periodic breast cancer – recurrence means the cancer has returned or returned after treatment. You can go back in the chest, in the soft tissue in the breast or chest wall, or in another part of the body.
Symptoms
Early breast cancer usually does not cause pain. In fact, when breast cancer develops in the first place, there can be no symptoms. But how cancer develops, it can cause changes to look for:

a lump or thickening in or near the breast or underarm area
a change in size or shape of the breast
nipple discharge or tenderness of the nipple pulled back (bottom) in the chest
ridges or pitting of the breast, making the skin appear on the skin of an orange
a change in appearance or feel the skin of the breast, nipple ol’areola, such as warmth, swelling, redness or peeling
Diagnosis
If the cancer is in your womb, your doctor will want to know the stage or extent of the disease. Staging is a careful attempt to find whether the cancer has spread and, if so, what parts of the body. Your doctor may use blood and imaging tests to learn the stage of disease. Treatment decisions depend on those results. Read Rest: the specific models of breast cancer to learn more about the staging system.

The first step in the work-up of breast cancer is usually a physical examination by a doctor or nurse. Mammography and ultrasound may be important additions to the physical exam. Based on these evaluations, the decision is taken to confirm the clinical impression of a biopsy of tissue.

Imaging
Imaging is an important component used to diagnose breast cancer and to assess the level and extent of disease in patients with breast cancer. Three major forms of imaging in this capacity: mammography, breast ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Based on these tests, your doctor may determine that no treatment is necessary or may recommend further tests or treatment.

Mammography screening – a mammogram is a low dose of X-ray of the breast. This is the best proof that we screen women for breast cancer. Mammography screening is one of the two “images” of each breast. If an area of the mammogram looks suspicious or is not clear, additional mammograms with different points of view may be necessary. Annual mammography is recommended for all women over 40 years.
Diagnostic mammogram – this is a mammogram is used to solve problems, rather than for screening. For example, if a patient has a lump in her breast, a targeted examination of this area is conducted. This occurs even when a particular conclusion is followed in the chest in time. A diagnostic mammogram is adapted to the patient’s case is being closely monitored by a radiologist who interprets the images and determine whether the need for further testing.
Ultrasound – using high-frequency sound waves, ultrasonagraphy can often show whether a lump is solid or filled with fluid. This test can be used together with diagnostic mammography or MRI to answer questions on an area of the breast. Because it uses sound waves instead of X-rays, ultrasound provides information that is different and often complementary to mammography.
Breast MRI – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used specifically to look at the chest. Each exam produces hundreds of images of the breast, across all three directions (side to side, from top to bottom, front to back), which are then read by a radiologist. It is non-invasive and non-radioactivity is involved. The technique assumes that there is no risk to health in general. The hope is that these non-invasive studies will contribute to our progress in learning to predict the behavior of tumors, and the choice of appropriate treatment. MRI of the breast is an evolving technology and should not be standard screening and diagnostic procedures, to replace, such as clinical and self-exams, mammography, fine needle aspiration or biopsy. For more information on MRI of the breast, visit the website UCSF MRI of the breast.
Biopsy
One way to see if a fixed or abnormal tissue from a breast cancer is a biopsy. During a biopsy, a surgeon, a pathologist or a radiologist removes part or all of the suspicious tissue. The suspect tissue was examined under a microscope by a pathologist checks for cancer cells and makes the diagnosis. Here are the different types of biopsies and how you can best prepare yourself for each of them. Here are the different types of biopsies.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy – a woman suddenly Fan samples, using a fine needle a small sign no larger than a needle stick from a blood test leaves. Fan diagnosis often shows fixed within two or three days. Read fine needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer to learn more about the procedure and what to expect.
Stereotactic biopsy – this procedure has been developed as a less invasive way to diagnose tissue samples to obtain. And removal of tissue with a needle biopsy, while your breast is compressed in a manner similar to a mammogram. Biopsy that requires less recovery time for surgery and not cause significant scarring. You and your doctor and radiologist may consider this procedure as a deviation on a mammogram that can not be heard. The radiologist decides whether this procedure is technically possible for your condition and your doctor to decide whether it is appropriate for your situation. Read stereotactic biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer to learn more about the procedure and what to expect.
Needle (wire) localization biopsy – this type of biopsy needle and thread to locate the abnormal tissue and surgery to remove it. Needle localization is performed when an exception to a mammogram that can not be heard. This is an outpatient biopsy is performed in two phases, the same day. Read ago (wire) localization biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer to find out more about the procedure and what to expect.

A percentage of 30% of patients with lung cancer, it would be for a genetic cause. To find U.S. researchers who have found genetic variations responsible for these cases of lung cancer.
Dr. Ping Yang and colleagues at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester have found that the variations on chromosome 13, alterebbero the GPC5 that, because of its failure would no longer be able to serve as an immunosuppressant cancer, increasing by almost 60 % the risk of developing lung cancer among non-smokers.

The details of this work have been published in the journal Lancet Oncology.

Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer among men and third among women

Surgery

The main strategy for curative treatment of cancer is excision of all malignant cells by surgical intervention. In the past, this involved the excision of all affected tissue and as many potentially affected tissue, including the surrounding tissues and lymph nodes. For some tumors, particularly breast cancer, is not accurate as ablative surgery (mastectomy) in most cases.

Improvements in surgical techniques, knowledge in physiology, anesthesia and the availability of powerful antibiotics and blood products, have resulted in more limited surgery, with fewer sequels and more speedy recovery.

However, many cancers are not widespread in the time of diagnosis to curative surgery possible. If the local extent of tumor that affects surrounding tissues can not be resected, or if there are distant metastases, surgery is not curative treatment.

However, it may be beneficial for symptom relief in certain situations such as obstruction, or may have in order to reduce the tumor mass to allow better response to chemotherapy or radiation therapy treatment thereafter.

Radiation

Ionizing radiation can be electromagnetic or particulate matter and produce tissue destruction. Electromagnetic radiation includes gamma rays, a form of radioactive emission, and X-rays, which occur when an electron beam strikes a heavy metal. The particle radiation include electron beams, protons, neutrons, alpha particles (helium nuclei) and pions.

The sensitivity of tumors to radiation is highly variable. Sensitive tumors are those whose sensitivity is higher than the adjacent normal tissue. When such tumors are well-accessible surface tumors or tumors in organs like the uterus which can introduce a source of radiation, can be cured by radiotherapy. The property of radiation to comply to some extent the normal tissue allows treatment of tumors in locations where surgery is not possible by the proximity of vital tissues or because the tumor has begun to infiltrate adjacent structures that can not be sacrificed. Radiation therapy is commonly used as palliative treatment, especially in metastases.

Radiation therapy may be useful as an adjunct to surgery. Preoperative radiation may sterilize the tumor cells rapidly and prevent its spread during surgery. It can also decrease the tumor mass to facilitate the surgery, or transforming an inoperable tumor operable in another. In other cases the radiotherapy is employed postoperatively.

Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs for the treatment of cancer. Since the drugs are distributed in the body through the circulatory system, chemotherapy is useful for those whose tumors spread makes them inaccessible to surgery or radiotherapy. There are many anticancer drugs, most of which act by interfering with DNA synthesis or function. Therefore dividing cells are more sensitive to chemotherapy.

The sensitivity of some tumors to chemotherapy is such that it is possible to cure a high percentage: this happens in uterine cancer, acute leukemias (especially in children), Hodgkin’s disease and diffuse large cell lymphomas; testicular carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, small cell carcinoma of the lung, and most of all childhood cancers. Often these processes have spread cancer at the time of diagnosis and no other treatment option. More advanced cancers are responsive to chemotherapy and may be held for long periods, so it is frequently used as palliative treatment.

The two main problems that limit the use of chemotherapy are toxicity and resistance. The techniques that prevent or control the toxicity and reduce the risk of resistance have been refined. It is important to the establishment of early treatment, use of optimal doses of the drug, the repetition of cycles with shorter intervals if possible, always allowing patient recovery from toxic effects.
Hormone Therapy: Many cancers from tissues that are sensitive to hormone action, such as breast, prostate, endometrium and thyroid, respond to hormonal treatment. Involves the administration of various hormones or anti-hormones or termination of the corresponding stimulating hormone.

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