Cancer of the anus is a rare malignancy, representing only a small percentage (4%) of all cancers of the lower digestive tract

In general, the risk of anal cancer is increasing, and there is evidence that individuals with human papillomavirus and gay men in particular are at increased risk of autism.

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) represent the vast majority of all primary cancers of the anus, forming the rest is an important subgroup of tumors cloacogenic (basaloid transitional cell). These two histologic variants are associated with human papillomavirus infection

STAGES

Stage 0

* The anal cancer Stage 0 is carcinoma in situ. Diagnosed only rarely is a very early cancer that has not spread below the limiting membrane of the first layer of anal tissue

Stage I

* The anal cancer is stage I cancer that is 2 centimeters or less in greatest dimension and that has not spread anywhere else

Stage II

* The anal cancer is stage II cancer that is larger than 2 centimeters and that does not complicate adjacent organs or lymph nodes.

Stage IIIA

* The anal cancer in stage IIIA is cancer that has spread to lymph nodes or organs adjacent perirectal

Stage IIIB

* The cancer is stage IIIB anal cancer that has spread to the internal iliac or inguinal nodes (unilateral or bilateral) or has spread to surrounding organs so as to perirectal lymph nodes

Stage IV

* The anal cancer corresponds to stage IV cancer that has spread to distant lymph nodes within the abdomen or other organs.

TREATMENT

Previously it was thought that abdominoperineal resection leading to permanent colostomy was required for all but small anal tumors located below the dentate line, treatment with which approximately 70% of patients survived 5 years. Radiation therapy alone may lead to a survival rate over 5 years at 70%, although high doses (6,000 cGy or more) may cause necrosis or fibrosis.

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