* Surgery (taking out the cancer in an operation)
* Radiation therapy (high energy radiation to kill cancer cells).
* Chemotherapy (drugs or “poison” to kill cancer cells).

The cancer can be removed using any of the following:

*Cryosurgery involves the removal of the cancer by freezing.

*The laser surgery is the use of a beam of intense light to kill cancer cells.

*Conization is the removal of a piece of fabric into a cone shape in the location of the abnormality. It is used for biopsies, but also for the treatment of early cancers of the cervix.

*Electrosurgical excision (LEEP, an acronym in English) uses an electric current passes through a thin wire loop, which serves as a blade.

*A hysterectomy is an operation that removes the entire uterus, including all cervical cancer as well.

1.Histerectomia Vaginal. The uterus is removed through the vagina.

2.Histerectomia Abdominal. The uterus is removed through an incision in the abdomen. You may also be necessary to remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy).

3.Histerectomia radical is an operation that removes the cervix, uterus and part of the vagina. Also lymph nodes are removed from the area. (Lymph nodes are small structures in the form of beans that are found throughout the body and whose function is to produce and store cells that fight infection).

* Exenteration if cancer has spread outside the cervix or the female organs, it may be necessary to remove the lower colon, rectum or bladder (depending on the place where the cancer has spread) along with the cervix, uterus and vagina. The patient may need plastic surgery to form an artificial vagina (vaginoplasty) after this operation.

TREATMENT STAGES

Cervical cancer treatments depend on the stage of the disease is found, tumor size, age and general health status, and the desire for children.

Stage (carcinoma in situ). Treatment may consist of:

1.Conizacion.
2.Cirugia laser.
3.Procedimiento electrosurgical excision (LEEP).
4.Criocirugia.
5.Cirugia to remove the cancerous area, cervix and uterus (total abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy) for women who can not or do not want children.

Stage I. Treatment depends on the depth of tumor invasion:

I-a: 1. Total abdominal hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
2. Conization.
3. Radical hysterectomy with or without lymph node dissection).
4. Radiotherapy.

I-b: 1. Radiotherapy.
2. Extended radical hysterectomy with or without radiation therapy.

Stage II. Treatment depends on the depth of tumor invasion:

II-a: 1. Radiotherapy.
2. Total abdominal hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

II-b: 1. Radiotherapy.
2. Clinical trials of new forms of radiotherapy / chemotherapy.

Stage III. Treatment may include:

III-a: Radiotherapy.
III-b: Clinical trials of new forms of radiotherapy / chemotherapy.

Stage IV. Treatment may include:

IV-a: 1. Radiotherapy.
2. Clinical trials of new forms of radiotherapy / chemotherapy.

IV-b: 1. Radiation therapy to relieve symptoms such as pain.
2. Chemotherapy.

Treatment of local recurrence may be:

1. Surgery to remove the lower colon, rectum or bladder (depending on the place where the cancer has spread) along with the cervix, uterus and vagina (exenteration).

2. Radiation and chemotherapy.

If the cancer has recurred outside the pelvis, can qualify for a clinical trial of systemic chemotherapy.

This is the basis why it is really important that you check with your doctor concerning your condition if you have become aware of some hypothyroidism symptoms. Early diagnosis can put a stop to the symptoms from getting worse, as well as it can let you to begin with your hypothyroidism handling as early as achievable. Your awareness of probably facing hypothyroidism can be confirmed by getting a sequence test of your blood. When the blood tests confirm that your thyroid hormone level within your body is low then you may perhaps experience from a hypothyroidism case.

The treatment for hypothyroidism includes a medicine named as levothyroxine. This medication is typically permanent, and it is for everyday use. The drug encloses thyroxine and it gives back to the thyroid hormone insufficiency within the body. The medication is functioning by raising the quantity of thyroid hormone within the body awaiting some stage of time that it gets the quantity required by the body in support of a normal and strong performance. Furthermore, if you don’t see any progresses following several times during your treatment, it is important that you seek advice from your doctor right away.

Stage or carcinoma in situ. Carcinoma in situ is very early cancer. Abnormal cells are found only in the first layer of cells lining the cervix, and do not invade deeper tissues of the cervix.

Stage I. Cancer involves the cervix but has not spread to the surroundings.

Ia: a very small amount of cancer, only visible under the microscope, is already in the deeper tissue of the cervix.

Ib: a greater amount of cancer in this tissue.

Stage II. The cancer has spread to nearby areas, but still in the pelvic area.

II-a: the cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the upper two thirds of the vagina.

II-b: The cancer has spread to tissue surrounding the cervix.

Stage III. The cancer has spread to the entire pelvic area. May have spread to the bottom of the vagina, or infiltrate the ureters (the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder).

Stage IV. The cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

IV-a: Spread to the bladder or rectum (organs close to the cervix)

IV-b: Spread to distant organs like the lungs.

Appellant. Recurrent disease (relapse) means the cancer has returned after having been treated. It can occur in the cervix itself or appear in another location.

The uterus is the hollow organ, inverted pear-shaped, where a fetus grows. The neck or uterine cervix is an opening that connects the uterus to the vagina (birth canal).

Cervical cancer begins to grow slowly. Before appearing cancer cells in the cervix, normal tissues of the cervix go through a process known as dysplasia, in which abnormal cells begin to appear.

A Papanicolaou cytology usually find these pre-malignant cells. Later, cancer cells start to grow and spread more deeply into the cervix and surrounding areas.

Since there is generally no symptoms associated with cervical cancer usually involves a series of tests to diagnose:

*Papanicolaou cytology: is carried out using a piece of cotton, a brush or a small wooden spatula to gently scrape the outside of the cervix to collect cells. The patient may feel some pressure, which in some cases accompanied by pain.

*Biopsy. If abnormal cells are found, the doctor will remove a sample of tissue from the cervix and observe under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. To perform a biopsy only need a small amount of tissue can be done in the doctor’s office. Sometimes you need to remove a biopsy sample cone-shaped, larger (cone), for which it may be necessary to go to hospital.

The prognosis (chance of recovery) and choice of treatment depend on the stage of the cancer (if only in the cervix or has spread to other places) and the general state of health.

Are used anticonvulsants and corticosteroids as supportive therapy in some patients.

Definitive treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

In low grade gliomas the recommended treatment is surgery and radiation. We recommend intermediate-dose radiotherapy (50 Gy) and has been shown that the administration of radiation therapy in the postoperative period does not increase the survival of these patients with respect to administered when the disease progresses, but increases the time in which the tumor is controlled.

In high grade gliomas treatment has demonstrated improved survival is the combination of surgery (when feasible), radiation at a dose greater than in low grade gliomas and chemotherapy.

The postoperative treatment component has been shown greater benefit for radiation and for this reason it is recommended to administer an adequate dose (60 Gy) in a confined volume of sophisticated techniques to exclude outside the radiation field the largest proportion of healthy brain tissue avoid toxicity.

This uses various innovative techniques such as three-dimensional radiotherapy formed, radiation therapy with intensity modulation of the beam and stereotactic techniques. They have incorporated new chemotherapeutic drugs that have shown activity (15-30% response) in high-grade tumors such as temozolomide, taxanes, irinotecan.

Also recently approved in Spain the use of BCNU polymers (camurstine) that are deposited in the surgical cavity during surgery and are slowly releasing the drug to treat residual disease around the surgical bed.

The simultaneous combination of temozolomide and radiotherapy has shown a survival benefit versus exclusive radiotherapy in malignant gliomas. Also, the combination of molecular chemotherapy drugs (anti recipients of growth) and bevacizumab, are showing high response rates.

The treatment of brain metastases may be surgical (or symptomatic solitary metastasis) or radiosurgery (metastases less than 3 cm). This treatment is usually associated with radiotherapy of the entire cranial contents (radiotherapy holocraneal).

What about after treatment?

After completing the treatment should follow up of patients with brain MRI. Every 6 months in low grade gliomas and every 3 months for high grade gliomas.

There are two situations in which resonance is sometimes not identify with certainty the observed images. A relatively frequent occurrence in the follow-up period of a high-grade glioma on a low-grade glioma and the other is called the remarks after radiotherapy treatment of a residual lesion called necrosis that is indistinguishable from a high-grade tumor . In these circumstances you can use the PET that can solve thes

How is brain tumor diagnosed?

Suspecting a brain tumor, the imaging technique to be recommended is the MRI because it has better anatomic definition than CT and more precisely defines brain tumors.

The definitive diagnosis is made pathologically after resection or biopsy of the tumor. The latter must always be done if the tumor is unresectable or inoperable. It is true that in some cancer sites such as the brainstem biopsy is not recommended for the serious consequences that may result from it.

In cases of lung cancer, especially small cell melanoma and renal tumors is performed MRI to rule out brain metastases before starting the primary tumor treatment by the high probability of spreading to the brain.

There is a known metabolic PET scan (positron emission tomography) that is capable of measuring the behavior of the tumor (more or less aggressive) by the addition of glucose or other labeled molecules. In this diagnostic phase may be useful in directing biopsy to an area of high-grade features, or where biopsy is contraindicated in addition to information provided by brain MRI.

What are known prognostic factors in brain tumors?

The prognosis of patients with brain tumors are inversely correlated with age and histological grade and directly related to the patient’s clinical situation. Some molecular markers have been identified as prognostic factors (eg 1p19q deletion in oligodendrogliomas).

In low-grade gliomas I and II with good prognosis factors that have been identified include age younger than 40 years, tumor diameter less than 6 cm, the tumor does not exceed the median line, histological type and the absence of oligoastrocytoma neurological deficits. Depending on the varying number of these factors predicted a better or worse survival of 9-2 years, respectively.

Good prognostic factors for gliomas III and IV are age (under 40 years), have good general state autonomy, normal mental state and get a complete surgical resection. Survival in patients with high-grade tumors is lower, ranging between 2 years and 6 months according to the prognostic group.

Age less than 60 years, the presence of single brain metastasis and no other location of metastatic disease are factors associated with better prognosis in patients with brain metastases.

Brain tumors can be primary tumors or metastatic tumors. Primary tumors originate from the very cells that make up the various brain structures and metastatic tumors are tumors that have spread to the brain from another location extracerebral.

The latter are 10 times more common than primary brain tumors is estimated that about 20-40% of cancer patients develop brain metastases.

Primary brain tumors are highly variable group of tumors with very different origin, prognosis and treatment.

They can range from very rare tumors such as pilocytic astrocytoma curable with surgery alone to glioblastoma multiforme virtually incurable despite treated with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

What primary brain tumors are most common?

The primary tumor is the most common benign meningioma (tumor originated in the brain coverings called meninges). In adults, the most common primary malignant tumors are gliomas or astrocytomas. Gliomas arise from astrocytes or glial cells of the brain that form, together with the vascular network, the support of neurons. In turn, astrocytomas as less aggressive or more are classified as grade I, II, III (anaplastic astrocytoma) and IV (glioblastoma multiforme).

Is there any reason known to produce brain tumors?

There is no known cause responsible for this disease. Less than 5% of gliomas have a known family history and there are various degenerative brain diseases that can predispose people gliomas. Nor was it shown that mobile phones are causing an increased incidence of brain tumors, nor alcohol intake or smoking.
What symptoms can lead to suspicion of the presence of a brain tumor?

Headache is the most common non-specific symptoms and often is difficult for us to suspect its presence in a brain tumor. nausea, vomiting and symptoms resulting from increased intracranial pressure such as drowsiness may be more indicative of the presence of a brain tumor.

There are other more specific signs and symptoms that appear depending on the location of the disease such as focal signs (loss of strength, difficulty speaking or visual field deficits), seizures and bleeding.

e diagnostic doubts.

* Radiation therapy: This treatment uses radiation (X-ray high energy) to destroy cancer cells. Usually this is a local treatment, ie the treatment is focused on only a part of your body where lymphoma.

* Transplantation: Sometimes high doses of chemotherapy destroy the lymphoma and to your bone marrow, which is the factory that produces blood cells. To help your bone marrow to produce new blood cells, a number of “stem cells” (stem cells, immature cells that were transformed into red blood cells, white and platelets) are derived from the bone marrow with a special machine, before chemo.

These cells are transplanted (returned) after your body. These transplanted cells will find the way to his bone marrow and restored so that it can produce new blood cells healthy.

There are two types of transplants:

* Autologous transplant – using your own bone marrow or stem cells.
* Transplant Allogenes – uses bone marrow or stem cells from a donor (usually a brother or sister).

Watchful Waiting: This means that you do not receive any treatment for now. But you may receive treatment in the future if the tests show that your cancer is progressing. Watchful waiting is usually recommended only for people with slow-growing lymphomas.

Clinical Trials: These are research studies to help doctors learn more about treatments for lymphoma. Clinical studies may help people with cancer and offer new forms of treatments. Usually, clinical trials are the only way by which patients can receive new treatments, which are not otherwise available. Clinical trials may help doctors learn more about:

* New types of treatment
* Ways to prevent cancer

Although clinical studies can provide several benefits, could also be associated with undesirable effects. Your doctor or nurse may give you more information.

There are several kinds of treatment for lymphoma. The decision of which treatment to use depends on the type of lymphoma you have, the stage where it is (how many areas of your body are taken by ellinfoma) and general health status.

Ask these questions when deciding what treatment is appropriate:

* What type of treatment is best for me? (Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biological therapy, transplantation)
* When should treatment start?
* Benefits (as the treatment can help)
* Risk (problems that may occur due to treatment)

Together, you and your doctor / a will make the decision as to which treatment (treatment) is the most optimal for you. Talk to your doctor or nurse and then as many questions about the different options for therapy.

Treatments for lymphoma include:

Biological Therapy: This treatment increases your body’s natural ability to fight cancer. This result is achieved by enhancing their immune system. There are several types of biological therapy:

* Monoclonal Antibodies: These are drugs such as Rituxan ®, which directly attack the lymphoma cells without damaging the cells are sometimes normales.A call these drugs “smart drugs” or “guided missiles” because they know exactly where to go in your body .

* Radioimmunotherapy: A therapy using Rituxan ® for instance which is associated with a radioisotope. These “guided missile” is capable of destroying cancer cells because they can fit in lymphoma and release small amounts of radiation in malignant cells.

* Interleukin 2: This is a drug that activates the immune system to destroy cancer cells.

* Vaccines: These are treatments that stimulate your immune system to protect you against lymphohttp://www.hogsbreathphuket.com/wp-admin/post-new.phpma.

* Chemotherapy (”chemo”. This treatment uses drugs that attack to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. The chemo can damage normal cells, causing side effects such as hair loss and mouth sores. There are several types of drugs used in chemotherapy. usually uses a combination of several drugs.

Endoscopy changes its name in the body area to be explored: laryngoscopy (larynx), gastroscopy (stomach), colonoscopy (colon), cystoscopy (bladder), etc.

*For some endoscopies needed to make a small incision, if it is in the abdomen, one speaks of laparoscopy in the chest, thoracoscopy, etc..

*There are cases where the cancer screening practice with general anesthesia requires a large incision to directly view the area. It speaks of scans to open surgery.

The latest in surgery: laser, cold…

Some of the most innovative techniques in cancer surgery are applied to laser surgery, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, Mohs surgery and laparoscopic surgery.

*Laser surgery. The laser is a beam of light energy. In surgery is used for work requiring high accuracy. For example, to vaporize cancer cells in tumors of the cervix, larynx, liver, rectum, or skin (photoablation). It is also often applied in palliative surgery, for example, when a large tumor pressing the trachea or esophagus and cause difficulty breathing or swallowing.

*Cryosurgery. Its purpose is to freeze and destroy cancer cells. It uses liquid nitrogen or a cold rod. This technique is used sometimes to treat precancerous stages as those that occur in the cervix. Under study is its application to other cancers such as prostate.

*Electrosurgery. Used high-frequency electrical currents to destroy cells. It applies to some skin cancers and mouth.

*Mohs Surgery. The surgeon cuts the skin layer appears to be affected by cancer. That skin is examined immediately under a microscope. Then go back to remove some of the surrounding tissue and is re-examined under the microscope. This process is repeated until it is established that there is any abnormal cell.

*Laparoscopic surgery. Small holes are made by introducing the various surgical instruments, including the endoscope. It is used for some forms of cancer, including gastric, colon, ovary or endometrium.