There are four types of standard treatment:

Surgery

Surgery is a common treatment for all stages of stomach cancer. You can use the following types of surgery:

* Subtotal gastrectomy: Removal of part of the stomach that contains cancer, lymph nodes, and parts of other tissues and organs near the tumor. You can remove the spleen. The spleen is an organ of the upper abdomen that filters the blood and removes old blood cells.
* Total gastrectomy: Removal of the entire stomach, nearby lymph nodes and parts of the esophagus, small intestine and other tissues near the tumor. You can remove the spleen. The esophagus connects the small intestine so the patient can continue eating and swallowing.

If the tumor blocks the stomach, but the cancer can not be completely removed by standard surgery, you can use the following procedures:

* Endoluminal stent placement: A procedure to insert a cannula (thin tube expandable) to keep open a passage (such as arteries or the esophagus). In the case of tumors that block passageways or come from the stomach, surgery may be used to place a stent from the esophagus into the stomach or the stomach to the small intestine to allow the patient to eat normally.
* Endoluminal laser therapy: A procedure which is introduced into the body of an endoscope (thin, lighted tube) with a laser attachment. The laser is an intense light beam that can be used like a knife.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells by killing or stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can affect cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the spinal column, an organ or body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of cancer being treated.

Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high energy X-rays or other radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of cancer being treated.

Chemoradiation

Chemoradiation combines chemotherapy with radiation to enhance the effects of both. Chemoradiation treatment given after surgery to increase the chance of cure is called adjuvant therapy. If given before surgery is called neoadjuvant therapy.

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To improve the results of surgery or, sometimes, as the only alternative treatment when surgery is not feasible, perform different chemotherapy treatments, with mixed results. This is why chemotherapy is administered in different ways according to the center in question and none of which has stood significantly above the rest. Can also sometimes given before surgery, or directly into the abdomen during surgery or radiotherapy together. There is therefore a unique treatment system.

What complications can arise?

Complications can arise from surgery, chemotherapy or cancer outcomes. Diagnostic studies generally do not usually cause complications and more important, such as bleeding or gastric perforation by endoscopy are rare.

Gastrectomy is a fairly aggressive intervention and therefore can lead to many complications. It is common for patients with complete removal of the stomach to spend some days in an intensive care unit monitoring. Complications can be general, the most frequent respiratory (collapse of part of the lung or atelectasis, pneumonia, pleural effusion) and urinary (urine infection), or local. Among these, the most common are infection and bleeding (which can reach the patient require reoperation) but also are important pancreatitis and anastomotic dehiscence (when loose ends that have been spliced out and the content the abdomen, causing peritonitis or fistula).

The patients who have been removed stomach can lead a normal life with some precautions. Chew at the food and make several meals a day less than usual amount. The chewing is especially important for fruit and vegetables is convenient crush in a food if they can not chew well. Also often require administration of vitamin B12 through a monthly injection.

Chemotherapy will cause various complications depending on the combination to be used but often the hair loss and digestive disturbances (mainly nausea and vomiting).

For its part, the cancer may:

* Extend the peritoneum as a carcinomatosis causing intestinal obstruction pattern.

* Reappear in the same location (local recurrence), giving different problems depending on the size and location.

* Causing liver metastases, with the consequent destruction of the liver.

What is the prognosis of stomach cancer?

Unfortunately the prognosis of stomach cancer is bad enough, since cancer is usually diagnosed in advanced stages. However, when detected early and removed properly can achieve very high survival figures, which are as high as 90% at 5 years.

Anyway, where you can not cure cancer, surgery and chemotherapy can improve survival and quality of life of patients, in addition to palliative care units are usually able to get a pretty good control of symptoms.

Can we prevent stomach cancer?

You can not prevent the occurrence of gastric cancer as such, but the following measures help to be less frequent and more cases are diagnosed in early stages and therefore better prognosis:

* Do not smoke and be moderate in the consumption of alcohol.

* Include a significant amount of vegetables and fruits (especially citrus) in your diet.

* See your doctor to treat you if you have any disease of the stomach and follow the controls as recommended.

* See your doctor as soon as the stomach-related symptoms (discomfort with digestion, vomiting, abdominal pain, etc …)

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The tumor may cause various complications, which give rise to different symptoms.

Tumors that originate in the last portion of the stomach may obstruct their exit causing vomiting and abdominal pain after meals, making the food. Sometimes tumors may bleed, little by little, with what appears anemia and black debris in the stool (called melena) or abruptly, with severe bleeding that causes vomiting of blood.

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You can also perforate the stomach by the tumor, which leads to peritonitis with severe abdominal pain, increased temperature and worsening of general condition.

In more advanced cases, other symptoms appear due to the nature of tumor. You can get to feel a mass in the upper abdomen. If there are liver metastases and jaundice may occur in the case of peritoneal carcinomatosis appear maldigestion, constipation and episodes of intestinal obstruction. Accompanying all this, of course, is often emphasize weight loss and progressive deterioration of general condition.

How is stomach cancer diagnosed?

Apart from data collection in the history of the patient and the physician’s examination, the ultimate test for the diagnosis of stomach cancer is the oral endoscopy or gastroscopy. In this test a tube with a light and a video camera through the mouth into the stomach and be able to see inside. In addition you can take biopsy specimens is definitive evidence that confirms the diagnosis and to study other non-malignant lesions. For this test does not require any preparation except for a few hours of fasting and in some schools are given a sedative and a topical anesthetic in the mouth to lessen the discomfort.

Early detection
Early detection of cancer is the key. Read about it here. In general: early detection of cancer.

The barium meal is used for the radiological study of the stomach in the case of patients have reported gastric symptoms, it is less uncomfortable than endoscopy. In most cases identify the tumor and allowed surgeons to check the location before surgery. However, biopsies can be taken and the results are less reliable than endoscopy.

To study the extension that is able to reach the tumor or scanners can perform scans and in some centers, where available, ultrasound via an endoscope (EUS) or laparoscopy according to the protocols of treatment with gastric cancer. In laparoscopy, performed with local or general anesthesia, according to the Centers, a camera is inserted through the navel into the abdomen to see if there is peritoneal carcinomatosis, plus an ultrasound can be used to expand the data.

All these tests are performed to avoid operating on patients who then will not be able to do anything (eg if they have an important peritoneal carcinomatosis), but are procedures or provide little information or very aggressive, and unless there is a suspicion of advanced disease not typically perform.

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Stomach cancer occurs because the cells of the inner layer (mucosa) multiply out of control. Initially this multiplication affects only the mucosa, forming a lump. He soon breaks the barrier that limits the mucosa and tumor cells are invading the different layers of the stomach wall.

Growing up the tumor may invade other organs and can spread in three ways: through the ducts to the lymph nodes (lymph node metastases), through the blood to other organs, especially the liver (distant metastasis) or through the peritoneum to all the abdomen (peritoneal carcinomatosis).

Stomach cancer, like all cancers, is due to an alteration of genes in the body’s own cells, which causes them to multiply uncontrollably, destroying or encroaching on what they find in their path in a process that usually takes months or years. These genes are altered primarily by the action of some substances called carcinogens.

The incidence (number of cases detected in a year in a given population) of stomach cancer has important variations between countries, being 20 times more frequent in Japan and Far Eastern countries than in countries less affected, as Senegal. Spain is located at an intermediate level. Anyway, surprisingly the reduction in incidence has been recorded in the last 40 years, especially in people older and white. The disease usually appears between 50 and 70 years and is very rare before age 30.

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When it enters the food inside your stomach muscles start to contract rhythmically and are gradually kneading and mixing food to get a smooth paste. This movement is added to the action of the ‘juices’ are substances which are produced by special cells that line the interior of the stomach.

These fluids help to transform the food until a homogeneous mass. This whole process is part of the digestion of food. When stomach contents has been properly processed and mixed in a mixer and opens a valve called the pylorus that allows the ‘mix’ pass into the small intestine to continue their transit through the digestive tract.

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