The area commonly hosts this type of cancer covers the bottom of the uterus or womb. This is a place of great importance since it is responsible for the normal course of pregnancy.

It is known that the consumption of snuff as well as sexual promiscuity, low socioeconomic status, menopause after age 52, diabetes, high blood pressure and having many children or begun to be sexually active age are low causes of this disease.

The clearest symptom is bleeding between menstrual periods or postcoital. Either way, it may happen that in some cases the tumor is asymptomatic.

It is therefore recommended the implementation of the Pap test called as soon as a woman starts her sexual life .

The study, which is one of the methods more reliable screening should be repeated every 12 months for 2 or 3 years. If the results indicate good health in all cases, can be performed every 3 years.

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The cervical cancer (also known as cervical cancer or carcinoma), meanwhile, develops in the lower fibromuscular uterus that projects into the vagina. This is the second most common cancer among women, not to mention also established as the most lethal cancer for women.

This is because the vast majority of patients suffering from this disease (especially when they pass through stage IV) die before long. Note that the best way to save a cancer of this magnitude is detected early and treated appropriately. Because cervical cancer generally do not present any symptoms, it is essential that all the women to have Pap tests annually to determine an abnormality.

On the other hand, note that the risk factors for cervical cancer may vary depending on the characteristics of the virus as the infected. On the other hand, it is essential to consider both cervical cancer and any type of cancer can develop in a few months or be produced for over ten years.
Main symptoms and diagnosis

Cervical cancer is most often develop in women who do not undergo medical checkups regularly. The symptoms of this disease include abnormal bleeding (outside the menstrual period), unexplained vaginal discharge, pain in the pubis and uncomfortable sensations when you have sex (intercourse).

Regarding the diagnosis of cervical cancer , it is essential to consider that this disease rarely produces symptoms. Despite this, sometimes the symptoms usually occur earlier mentioned, so it is essential to have an urgent medical investigation. While these symptoms may indicate another type of disorder, also may try to cervical cancer which needs to be treated immediately.
Treatment and prevention

Treatment for cancer cervical varies the extent of cancer, but usually consists of surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Therapy should be chosen depending on the severity of the cancer in question.

With regard to prevention methods that can be used against this disease, it is essential that women be vaccinated against human papilloma virus. On the other hand, is very important to undergo a Pap test every year and avoid maintaining sexual relationships with many people (otherwise it is essential to use condoms).

Finally, it is important to note that the snuff and the excessive intake of alcohol can also contribute to the development of this disease.

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It is within the body of the uterus as the fetus develops after fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon
Cervix cancer is the lower part of the body, it connects the body of the uterus with the vagina and the outside. It comes in the form of a thick-walled cylinder whose lumen is virtual in normal times.

* Part of the cervix is exposed to the vagina is called the ectocervix. The doctor can see through the use of a speculum inserted into the vagina and he dismisses the walls.
* The inner lining of the cervix is called the endocervix, it is hardly visible.

* At the time rules, it lets the menstrual blood flowing to the vagina and the outside;
* After intercourse, the cervix left back in seminal fluid containing sperm into the body of the uterus (and then to the fallopian tubes and ovaries may fertilize an egg).

If the semen is contaminated with germs, they can infect the female genitalia, vagina into the Fallopian tubes through the cervix;
* At the end of pregnancy the cervix is changing, and when the moment of childbirth, it disappears completely to let the baby and allow the birth.

Cancer of the cervix is the development of malignancy within its tissues.
It is a cancer involving a sexually transmitted virus: HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) a particular type “says high risk” (or oncogene).

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are DNA viruses, small size, which specifically infect the skin and mucous membranes. Some types, called “non-oncogenic, induce benign lesions such as warts, papillomas or warts, while types called” oncogenes “are responsible for cervical cancer.
70% of HPV infections are transient, the virus is eliminated naturally by the immune system in about a year (1). But cancer can develop if the infection becomes persistent (2). The HPV virus is found in 99.7% of cancers of the cervix (3), which is why HPV infection is considered as the necessary cause of cervical cancer.

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* Surgery (taking out the cancer in an operation)
* Radiation therapy (high energy radiation to kill cancer cells).
* Chemotherapy (drugs or “poison” to kill cancer cells).

The cancer can be removed using any of the following:

*Cryosurgery involves the removal of the cancer by freezing.

*The laser surgery is the use of a beam of intense light to kill cancer cells.

*Conization is the removal of a piece of fabric into a cone shape in the location of the abnormality. It is used for biopsies, but also for the treatment of early cancers of the cervix.

*Electrosurgical excision (LEEP, an acronym in English) uses an electric current passes through a thin wire loop, which serves as a blade.

*A hysterectomy is an operation that removes the entire uterus, including all cervical cancer as well.

1.Histerectomia Vaginal. The uterus is removed through the vagina.

2.Histerectomia Abdominal. The uterus is removed through an incision in the abdomen. You may also be necessary to remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy).

3.Histerectomia radical is an operation that removes the cervix, uterus and part of the vagina. Also lymph nodes are removed from the area. (Lymph nodes are small structures in the form of beans that are found throughout the body and whose function is to produce and store cells that fight infection).

* Exenteration if cancer has spread outside the cervix or the female organs, it may be necessary to remove the lower colon, rectum or bladder (depending on the place where the cancer has spread) along with the cervix, uterus and vagina. The patient may need plastic surgery to form an artificial vagina (vaginoplasty) after this operation.

TREATMENT STAGES

Cervical cancer treatments depend on the stage of the disease is found, tumor size, age and general health status, and the desire for children.

Stage (carcinoma in situ). Treatment may consist of:

1.Conizacion.
2.Cirugia laser.
3.Procedimiento electrosurgical excision (LEEP).
4.Criocirugia.
5.Cirugia to remove the cancerous area, cervix and uterus (total abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy) for women who can not or do not want children.

Stage I. Treatment depends on the depth of tumor invasion:

I-a: 1. Total abdominal hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
2. Conization.
3. Radical hysterectomy with or without lymph node dissection).
4. Radiotherapy.

I-b: 1. Radiotherapy.
2. Extended radical hysterectomy with or without radiation therapy.

Stage II. Treatment depends on the depth of tumor invasion:

II-a: 1. Radiotherapy.
2. Total abdominal hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

II-b: 1. Radiotherapy.
2. Clinical trials of new forms of radiotherapy / chemotherapy.

Stage III. Treatment may include:

III-a: Radiotherapy.
III-b: Clinical trials of new forms of radiotherapy / chemotherapy.

Stage IV. Treatment may include:

IV-a: 1. Radiotherapy.
2. Clinical trials of new forms of radiotherapy / chemotherapy.

IV-b: 1. Radiation therapy to relieve symptoms such as pain.
2. Chemotherapy.

Treatment of local recurrence may be:

1. Surgery to remove the lower colon, rectum or bladder (depending on the place where the cancer has spread) along with the cervix, uterus and vagina (exenteration).

2. Radiation and chemotherapy.

If the cancer has recurred outside the pelvis, can qualify for a clinical trial of systemic chemotherapy.

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Stage or carcinoma in situ. Carcinoma in situ is very early cancer. Abnormal cells are found only in the first layer of cells lining the cervix, and do not invade deeper tissues of the cervix.

Stage I. Cancer involves the cervix but has not spread to the surroundings.

Ia: a very small amount of cancer, only visible under the microscope, is already in the deeper tissue of the cervix.

Ib: a greater amount of cancer in this tissue.

Stage II. The cancer has spread to nearby areas, but still in the pelvic area.

II-a: the cancer has spread beyond the cervix to the upper two thirds of the vagina.

II-b: The cancer has spread to tissue surrounding the cervix.

Stage III. The cancer has spread to the entire pelvic area. May have spread to the bottom of the vagina, or infiltrate the ureters (the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder).

Stage IV. The cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

IV-a: Spread to the bladder or rectum (organs close to the cervix)

IV-b: Spread to distant organs like the lungs.

Appellant. Recurrent disease (relapse) means the cancer has returned after having been treated. It can occur in the cervix itself or appear in another location.

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The uterus is the hollow organ, inverted pear-shaped, where a fetus grows. The neck or uterine cervix is an opening that connects the uterus to the vagina (birth canal).

Cervical cancer begins to grow slowly. Before appearing cancer cells in the cervix, normal tissues of the cervix go through a process known as dysplasia, in which abnormal cells begin to appear.

A Papanicolaou cytology usually find these pre-malignant cells. Later, cancer cells start to grow and spread more deeply into the cervix and surrounding areas.

Since there is generally no symptoms associated with cervical cancer usually involves a series of tests to diagnose:

*Papanicolaou cytology: is carried out using a piece of cotton, a brush or a small wooden spatula to gently scrape the outside of the cervix to collect cells. The patient may feel some pressure, which in some cases accompanied by pain.

*Biopsy. If abnormal cells are found, the doctor will remove a sample of tissue from the cervix and observe under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. To perform a biopsy only need a small amount of tissue can be done in the doctor’s office. Sometimes you need to remove a biopsy sample cone-shaped, larger (cone), for which it may be necessary to go to hospital.

The prognosis (chance of recovery) and choice of treatment depend on the stage of the cancer (if only in the cervix or has spread to other places) and the general state of health.

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These results are extremely good even among girls who have participated in the study and have not fully respected the established protocol, so even having no contact with the papilloma, limited medical treatment to only two doses of vaccine, instead of three fixed, as explained above, among others, the head of Obstetrics and Gynecology Service of Hospital San Carlos in Madrid, Dr. Jose Antonio Vidart.

Another of the advantages of this vaccine, as those responsible for research, is that it provides a very high cross-protection of individual versus three other HPV genotypes other than those mentioned, in particular, as compared to types 31, 33 and 45 that are most cervical cancer cases occur after 16 and 18.

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