TNM Definitions
Primary tumor (T)

TX: Can not evaluate the primary tumor
T0: No evidence of primary tumor
Tis: Carcinoma in situ
T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension
T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm in greatest dimension
T3: Tumor more than 5 cm in greatest dimension
T4: Tumor of any size that invades an organ (s) adjacent (s), eg, vagina, urethra, bladder (the complication of the muscle (s) of the sphincter alone is not classified as T4)

Regional lymph nodes (N)

NX: can not be assessed regional lymph nodes
N0: No metastasis to regional lymph nodes
N1: Metastasis in lymph node (s) node (s) perirectal (s)
N2: Metastasis in lymph node (s) node (s) ilium (s) and / or inguinal (s) unilateral (s) Procedure (s)
N3: Metastasis in perirectal and inguinal lymph nodes and / or iliac lymph nodes and / or bilateral internal inguinal

Distant metastasis (M)

MX: No distant metastasis can be assessed
M0: No distant metastasis
M1: There is distant metastasis

Stage 0
Anal Cancer Stage 0 is carcinoma in situ. Diagnosed only in rare cases, very early cancer that has not spread below the limiting membrane of the first layer of anal tissue. Anal cancer stage 0 corresponds to the next group TNM:

Tis, N0, M0

Stage I
Anal cancer is stage I cancer that is 2 centimeters or less in greatest dimension and has not spread anywhere else. There is no complication of the sphincter. Anal cancer stage I TNM group corresponds to the following:

T1, N0, M0

Stage II
Anal cancer is stage II cancer that is larger than 2 centimeters and not complicated adjacent organs or lymph nodes. Anal cancer stage II corresponds to the following groups TNM:

T2, N0, M0
T3, N0, M0

Stage IIIA
Anal cancer stage IIIA cancer is cancer that has spread to perirectal lymph nodes or adjacent organs. Anal cancer stage IIIA corresponds to the following groups TNM:

T1, N1, M0
T2, N1, M0
T3, N1, M0
T4, N0, M0

Stage IIIB
Anal cancer stage IIIB cancer is cancer that has spread to the internal iliac or inguinal nodes (unilateral or bilateral) or has spread to surrounding organs so as to perirectal lymph nodes. Anal cancer stage IIIB corresponds to the following groups TNM:

T4, N1, M0
Any T, N2, M0
Any T, N3, M0

Stage IV
Anal cancer stage IV corresponds to cancer that has spread to distant lymph nodes within the abdomen or other organs of the body. Anal cancer stage IV corresponds to the following TNM group:

Any T, Any N, M1

* A lump or sore that will not heal
* Sore throat that does not go away
* Difficulty swallowing
* Voice changes or hoarseness

Consumption of snuff or alcoholic beverages increases the risk. In fact, 85 percent of cancers in the head and neck are associated with snuff consumption, including smoking and smokeless snuff. If detected early, these cancers are often curable. Treatment may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination. The treatments can affect eating, speaking and even breathing, so it is possible that the patient needs rehabilitation.

Selenium is part of an enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, which is responsible for ensuring the destruction of hydrogen peroxide formed in the oxidative reactions. It is therefore a vital element.
In selenium deficiency theory should not be a problem because food is so common as grains, meat, seafood, etc.., But it’s not because the current overexploitation of the land prevents fields containing adequate minerals and that they become part of the diet of livestock or humans.

In fact, many researchers have already sounded the alarm about the problems associated with deficiency of this mineral and investigations are only beginning to define the many functions that selenium has. Let’s highlight the most relevant:

In coronary disease

In 1988 Michelson found that there was a relationship between heart disease and the lack of selenium in the body. It has also been able to demonstrate its effectiveness in preventing and controlling cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. But not only protects the heart through the production of glutathione peroxide but also can limit the body burden of toxic metals like mercury, lead, cadmium and others who are capable of damaging the heart tissue.

It is also necessary to maintain levels of coenzyme Q10, a substance essential for the heart.
Glutathione peroxidase combat oxidation of lipids in the arteries and reduces platelet aggregation. His absence has a direct impact on the inhibition of prostacyclin synthase enzyme essential for the production of a vasodilator produced by vascular endothelium.

As protection of DNA

Selenium helps protect genetic material against free radicals.

Selenium and cancer

Its relation to the prevention of cancer is well documented. Several epidemiological studies have established that there is a clear and direct relationship between low blood selenium and cancer.

In 1996 he published what may be the cancer prevention study most successful in the U.S., conducted by the National Cancer Institute between 1312 volunteers. Were administered 200 mcg of selenium daily, and the result was a 49% decrease in the mortality rate of the three most common cancers: lung, prostate and colorectal. That shows that we need more selenium in the diet you provide.

Moreover, according to a study from Stanford University low selenium levels significantly increase the risk of prostate cancer. And according to American and Chinese researchers, a large proportion of cases of esophageal cancer and stomach cancer in Linxian (China) are epidemic in nature and can be attributed to low levels of selenium in the population.

Collaborators from the National Institutes of Health in Maryland (USA), meanwhile, examined the association between serum selenium and the development of squamous cell esophageal cancer and gastric adenocarcinoma. According to the results, the researchers estimated that 26.4% of cancers of the heart can be attributed to low levels of selenium in blood.

It also is studying the application of selenium in skin cancers induced by ultraviolet B radiation as it could mediate the genetic material mutation, oxidative damage and immunosuppression.

Detoxifies Action

Selenium protects against the toxic effects of cadmium and arsenic antagonist, silver, mercury and copper, thus reducing their toxicity.

Selenium and the brain

Evidence suggests this mineral supplements reduced in number and intensity of seizures. Coupled with vitamin E and zinc reduced cognitive decline in older people. It is also able to improve mood, anxiety, depression, hostility, and mental confusion.

The role of selenium in AIDS

It seems that maintaining an optimal level of selenium involves more than replenish this loss and strengthen the immune system. Its effectiveness is based on inhibition of virus-related substance called reverse transcriptase. Selenium-dependent viruses to grow and replicate but a deficiency of the mineral makes the virus active.

In fact, it has been shown that when laboratory-specific viruses including hepatitis B and influenza viruses (common cold) – they are deprived of selenium may mutate into more dangerous forms.

His influence on fertility

Selenium participates directly in the synthesis of testosterone and the formation and development of sperm and its deficiency decreases sperm motility. Along with folic acid and zinc, selenium is also crucial for preventing neural tube defects in newborns.

Inflammatory disorders

Selenium levels are low in people affected by rheumatoid arthritis, combined with vitamin E and other antioxidants, have helped alleviate the symptoms of the disease. Because glutathione peroxidase is selenium known anti-inflammatory action is also effective for treating conditions such as asthma, colitis and psoriasis.

Cataracts

It has been shown in laboratory studies with rats that lack of selenium can induce cataracts. And in humans has shown that the lenses affected by cataract had a lower selenium than required.

It is, finally, that excess selenium can be toxic. Should therefore be careful with their intake as a supplement, especially if you follow a diet too rich in that mineral. Therefore be taken with caution and always on the prescription of a professional.

(Remember the reader to follow both the treatment and the dosages to prescribe in cases of illness are the work of a specialist health and no way to use this article as a basis for treatment, only as a guidance and illustrative).

credit to: José Ramón Llorente

* Colorectal Polyp, is the growth of tumors in the inner wall of the colon and rectum. Often occurs at the age above 50 years. Most of this polyp is benign tumor, but some can turn into cancer. Discovered and raised this polyp can reduce the risk of colorectal cancers.

* History of colorectal cancer in the family, if close relatives are affected (parent, brother, sister or child), the risk for this cancer becomes larger, especially when families are affected by this cancer at the age of genetic young. Abnormalities, changes in particular gene will increase the risk of colorectal cancers.

The most common form of the gene defect that can cause cancer is hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), which caused a change in the HNPCC gene. Approximately three out of four people with disabilities will be affected by HNPCC gene colorectal cancer, where the most common age at diagnosis is over the age of 44 years.

* Have you ever suffered from similar diseases, may be attacked again with the same disease for the second time. Similarly, women who have a history of ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer has a high risk for this cancer.

* Inflammation of the colon, a ulceratif colitis or Crohn’s disease that causes inflammation or inflammation of the intestine for a long time, will increase the risk of colorectal cancer .* diet, foods high in fat (especially animal fat) and low calcium, low folate and fiber, rarely eat vegetables and fruits, drinking alcohol, will increase the risk of colorectal cancer .* Smoking may increase the risk of this cancer.

Early Detection

Early detection of screening to find cancer before symptoms develop colorectal can help doctors find a polyp and cancer at an early stage. If the polyp was found and immediately removed, it will be able to prevent the occurrence of colorectal cancers. So is the treatment of colorectal cancer will be more effective if done at an early stage. To find a polyp or colorectal cancer is recommended early detection or screening in people over the age of 50 years, or under the age of 50 years but have high risk factors for colorectal cancer as has been mentioned above. Screening tests required are

* Occult fecal blood test (FOBT), cancer or polyp can cause bleeding and FOBT can detect blood in the stool. FOBT is a test to check stool. If this test detects blood, should be sought where the blood source, whether from the rectum, colon or other parts of the intestine with the other tests. Hemorrhoidal disease can also cause the blood in the stool.

* Sigmoidoscopy is an examination with a device such as a cable clutch cable is a tool diujungnya existing guidelines and could diteropong light. Instrument called a sigmoidoscope, while the examination is called sigmoidoscopy. The tool is inserted through the anus into the rectum to the sigmoid colon, so that the wall of the rectum and sigmoid colon can be found dilihat.Bila the polyp, can be all removed. If there is a suspicion of cancer tumors, a biopsy performed, and then was examined in anatomical pathology to determine whether or not malignant and keganasannya type.

* Colonoscopy, like sigmoidoscopy, but using a longer cable, so that the entire rectum and colon can diteropong and examined. The instrument used is the colonoscope.

* Double-contrast barium enema, is a radiological examination with X-ray (X ray) in the colon and rectum. The patient is given an enema with a barium solution and air is pumped into the rectum. Then photographed. All layers of the colon wall can be seen whether there is normal or abnormal.

* Plug the rectum, is the examination of a very simple and can be performed by all physicians, by entering the finger is coated gloves and lubrication substances into the rectum and then examine the inside of the rectum. Is a routine examination. If there are tumors in the rectum will be felt and known by this examination.

* Straight through growth in the area
* By metastases in the lymfbaan
* By metastases in the blood

If the cancer grows, it may penetrate the underlying muscle layer of the pelvic floor, in the vagina or the uterus, at a later stage in the bladder, the rectum or the abdominal cavity.

There may also be detached and tumor cells through the lymphatic and / or blood dissemination. If metastases occur, especially in cervical cancer through the illnesses of the circulatory. Dissemination through the blood of cervical cancer occurs less often and then only at a later stage. Then metastases occur in the lungs, bones or liver.

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

Exceptions to the cells of the cervix, at the very beginning, giving no complaints. The first phenomenon is that you can notice a brownish or bloody discharge, outside the normal menstrual cycle, or blood loss during or immediately after intercourse (which is also known as contact bleeding).

Studies in cervical cancer

Internal examination and smear
Complaints or suspicion of cervical cancer, the doctor will first conduct an internal examination and a Pap smear decline. In a Pap smear, cells are taken from the transition zone between cervix and cervix. The pathologist evaluates these cells under the microscope and share them in the class called PAP, which runs from PAP I (no defects) to PAP V (cancer). Is the outcome of the PAP smear upper-class I, then the gynecologist over time a new smear, or further research in the form of a colposcopy. As part of the cervical cancer screening for all women aged 30 to 60 year every five years called for a smear (see Abnormal smears).

Colposcopy
To accurately view the cervix, the gynecologist makes use of a Colposcope, a strong magnification. During that examination the gynecologist to the interface of cervical cervical assessment. Often this use of acetic acid, a liquid that abnormal cells can color white. Research can be tedious, but is not really painful. An anesthesia or anesthesia is rarely needed. If there are deviations, the gynecologist a piece of tissue (biopsy) away. This tissue is under the microscope by a pathologist who divides in a class of CIN in cancer cells. CIN mean cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which ranges from I (minimal deviation) to III (severe abnormalities). These three stages of cervical cancer (CIN I-III), the gynecologist after a few months a new smear or you are directly treated.

Salmonella typhi, gram-negative bacilli, moving with her hair, not berspra. Have at least 3 kinds of antigen O antigen (somatic), H antigen (flagella) and Vi antigen.

Pathogenesis

from bacteria enter the gastrointestinal tract, required number of serratus thousand to one billion in order to cause infection. Used by most of the bacteria killed by stomach acid. The bacteria that remain alive will go into the ileum through the microvilli and achieve  plaque, then enter the blood vessels (bacteremia). In the next stage, s.typoii to retikoendotial organ system

Clinical symptoms

Early shoots 7-14 (average 3-30) days. During the incubation period may be found in the prodromal symptoms of feeling unwell, tired, headache, dizziness, and no spirit.

In the typical case of common clinical symptoms include fever, gastrointestinal disorders, and disorders of consciousness.

Complications

In typhoid fever can occur abdo0minalis complications of intestinal bleeding, intestinal perforation, peritonitis, miningitis, kolesitis, encephalopathy, bronchopneumonia, hepatis, dehydration, acidosis.

Working diagnosis

From the anamnesis and physical examination can be made the diagnosis, observation of abdominal typhoid.

To ensure diagnostic laboratory tests to be done as follows:
Useful examination to support the diagnosis

But with the increasing awareness of women to conduct routine checks on her breasts. So, more day mortality rate of this cancer can be reduced further. Especially in patients under the age of 30 years. But if it turns out this cancer was already residing in your body, given the very rapid development of stage 1 to hopeless only takes less than five years. So you must be willing to do various kinds of tests, examinations and undergo a series of super-intensive treatment. All this was done so that the development of cancer cells can be identified wild spreading rate. This is called the ’stage’. No need to panic, because the progress of medical technology is growing day by day. So there are many possibilities for you to escape from this deadly disease.
So, wants to know more details about the stadium and a variety of medical terms that must be passed by breast cancer?
Here are his notes:

Stage 1
At this stage, cancerous lump no more than 2 cm and can not be detected from outside. A very systematic treatment will be given at this stage of cancer, the aim is that cancer cells can not spread and did not continue on the next stage. At this stage, the possibility of full recovery of patients was 70%.

Stage 2
At this stage, the possibility of patient recovery is 30 – 40% depending on the extent of the spread of cancer cells. Usually cancer lump size was more than 2 even get to the level of 5 cm and had already spread to the armpit area. Or it can also measure the cancer has reached 5 centimeters but has not spread anywhere. Usually performed surgery to remove cancer cells that have spread to all parts, and radiation after surgery performed to ensure no more cancer cells left behind.

Stage 3A
According to data from the MOH, 87% of breast cancers found in this stadium. Lumps of cancer is larger than 5 centimeters and has spread to the lymph glands.

Stage 3B
The cancer had spread to all parts of the breast, even reaching the skin, chest wall, ribs and chest muscles. It also spreads also been attacked kalenjar lymph thoroughly. If it so there is no alternative other than breast removal.

Stage 4
Cancer cells have spread to attack other parts of the body, usually the bones, lungs, liver or brain. Or it can also attack the skin, lymph glands in the neck. Same as stage 3, actions to be taken is the appointment of the breast.

Here are some of the terms of medical measures to stop the doctors performed the rate of growth of cancer cells:

Lumpectomy
term is ‘lump removal’. This appointment is usually accompanied by a little (very minimal) of healthy tissue. In this way, the network is expected to remain healthy and still be able to reshape the breasts naturally.

Radical Mastectomy
Appointment of breast partly or wholly, including the chest muscles below the breasts to prevent cancer spread more widely. Now, this method is rarely used because medical technology is more advanced.

Chemotherapy
Therapy was given for the provision of certain drugs are very strong effect (anti-cancer). This therapy can be given by mouth or injection form in blood vessels. This treatment should be repeated with a cycle that lasted between 3 to 6 months.

Hormone therapy
Method hormone that functions as a barrier to the rate of growth of cancer cells.

Radiation Therapy
This treatment is usually given together with a lumpectomy or masectomy, the function of this therapy is to destroy cancer cells that do not spread to other parts of the body.

Verdict of breast cancer is not the end of everything, doctors are human beings who could say anything. But still, God is deciding everything, including human life.

The psychiatric or psychological support provided to people with cancer a better quality of life because they can better comply with treatment.

There are many myths about cancer and the way in which people deal with it, such as: all people with cancer are depressed, depression in a person with cancer is normal treatments do not help all people with cancer faces suffering and a painful death. Sadness and grief are normal reactions to the crisis that must be addressed during an illness of cancer.

Since the sadness and depression are common, it is important to distinguish between normal degrees of sadness and depressive disorders. A critical element in the treatment of the patient is able to recognize the present rates of depression in order to establish the appropriate level of intervention, which could range from a brief counseling, support groups, medication or psychotherapy. Some people may have more difficulty adjusting to the diagnosis of cancer than others, and will vary in their responses to the diagnosis. Major depression is not simply sadness or a mood.

Generally, the initial emotional response of the person to a cancer diagnosis is usually brief, lasting several days or weeks and may include feelings of disbelief, denial or despair. This response is normal and part of a spectrum of depressive symptoms ranging from normal sadness to an adjustment disorder depressed mood, even severe depression.

The emotional response to cancer diagnosis or a relapse could start marked by an increase in the agitation. During this time the individual will experience sleep and appetite, anxiety, thoughts and fears about the future. Some indicators of what could be considered successful adaptation include: staying active in daily life, try to minimize the impact of disease on daily roles we play, such as father, husband, employee and so on. and try to regulate the emotions that are normal to the disease, and managing feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness or guilt.

Patients with breast cancer at a very advanced stage it develop depression after learning of his diagnosis are more likely to die.
In the case of cancer in more developed stages, the disease is more deadly for women who suffer from depression before knowing the diagnosis