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Anal Cancer Details
Anal cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form (cancer) in the tissues of the anus.
The anus is the end point of the large intestine, below the rectum, through which the body dismissed the stool (solid waste). The anus is formed partly by the outer layers of skin on the body and partly from the intestine. Two ring-shaped muscles, called sphincter muscles, open and close the anal opening to allow stool to be evacuated from the body. The anal canal, the part of the year that lies between the rectum and the anal opening, is about 1 ½ inches long.
Anatomy of the lower digestive system, showing the colon and other organs.
The skin around the outside of the anus is called the perianal area. Tumors in this area are skin tumors, not anal cancer.
Being infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV, for its acronym in English) may influence the risk of anal cancer.
Among the risk factors include: Read the rest of this entry »
Standard Treatment
CANCER OF THE YEAR – PHASE II
Anal cancer stage II were formerly treated with abdominoperineal resection. Current therapies in preserving the sphincter include wide local excision of the perianal skin or anal margin for small tumors, or definitive chemoradiation (fluorouracil, and mitomycin) for cancers of the anal canal. Salvage chemoradiation therapy (fluorouracil and cisplatin plus a radiation boost) may avoid permanent colostomy in patients with residual tumor after undergoing initial nonoperative therapy. Radical resection is reserved for patients with incomplete responses or recurrent disease. It is therefore important for continued vigilance with rectal examination every 3 months during the first 2 years and endoscopy / biopsy when indicated after completion of therapy for sphincter preservation.
Standard treatment options:
1. Small tumors of the perianal skin or anal margin not
involving the anal sphincter may be adequately treated with local resection. Read the rest of this entry »
Overview of Treatment Options
Previously it was thought that abdominoperineal resection leading to permanent colostomy was required for all except small anal tumors located below the dentate line, treatment with which about 70% of patients survived five years or more in institutions, but such surgery is no longer the preferred treatment. Radiation therapy alone may lead to a survival rate five years in more than 70%, although high doses (6,000 cGy or more) may cause necrosis or fibrosis. Chemotherapy concurrent with low-dose radiation therapy have led to a survival rate five years more than 70% with low level of acute and chronic morbidity, and few patients require surgery due to the toxic effects dermal or sphincter. Still being evaluated the optimal dose of radiation concurrent with chemotherapy to optimize local control and minimize sphincter toxic effects, but appears to be between 45 and 60 Gy. The analysis of a test between groups that compared radiation therapy plus fluorouracil / mitomycin with radiation therapy plus fluorouracil alone in patients with anal cancer has shown better results by adding mitomycin (lower colostomy rates and longer survival and disease-free colostomy). Radiation with continuous infusion of fluorouracil plus cisplatin is also under evaluation. The standard salvage therapy for patients with residual disease, either gross or microscopic chemoradiotherapy was followed by Read the rest of this entry »
STAGE INFORMATION
The anal canal extends from the rectum to the perianal skin, and is lined by a mucous membrane that covers the internal sphincter. Below is a classification system for anal canal cancer has been described by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC by its acronym in English) and the International Union Against Cancer. Margin tumors anal (located below the anal verge and involving the perianal skin with hair) are classified with skin tumors.
TNM Definitions
Primary tumor (T)
TX: Can not evaluate the primary tumor
T0: No evidence of primary tumor
Tis: Carcinoma in situ
T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension Read the rest of this entry »
Anal Cancer
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anal cancer is often curable. The three major prognostic factors are site (anal canal versus perianal skin), size (primary tumors less than 2 cm have a better prognosis) and differentiation (well differentiated tumors have a better prognosis than tumors with poor differentiation).
Anal cancer is an uncommon malignancy that represents only a small percentage (4%) of all cancers of the lower digestive tract. Some clinical trials have evaluated the role of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery in the treatment of this disease. If you need information about ongoing clinical trials of the NCI.
In general, the risk of anal cancer is increasing, and there is evidence that individuals with human papillomavirus and gay men in particular are at increased risk of autism.
CELLULAR CLASSIFICATION
Squamous cell carcinomas (epidermoid) constitute the vast majority of all primary cancers of the anus, Read the rest of this entry »
Radiation Theraphy For Head And Neck Cancer
The first appointment with the oncologist is a query to take the history of your problem and do a physical exam. Typically at this time or shortly there after consultation with other team members head and neck, including head and neck surgeon, pathologist, radiologist and a dentist. It is important that the various members of the team that you have to take care to give their views before deciding the treatment plan and start it. Read the rest of this entry »
Treatment Option For Head And Neck Cancer
The three main types of treatment for managing head and neck cancer are radiation therapy, surgery and chemotherapy. The primary treatment is radiation or surgery, or a combination of both chemotherapy is often used as an adjunct or adjuvant. The optimal combination of the three treatment modalities for a patient with head and neck cancer depends on the site and stage (stage) of disease. Read the rest of this entry »
Overview of head and neck cancer
The term head and neck cancer in reality encompasses many different types of cancer. The behavior of a particular cancer of head and neck arises depends on where (the primary site). For example, cancers that begin in the vocal cords have a behavior very different from those faced in the back of the tongue, just an inch or less of the vocal cords. The most common type of cancer of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, which appears in the cells that line the inside of the nose, mouth and throat. Other types of head and neck cancer are less common salivary gland tumors, lymphomas and sarcomas. Read the rest of this entry »
Head and Neck Cancer
Cancer in the head and neck cancer includes cancer of the mouth, nose, sinuses, salivary glands, throat and lymph nodes in the neck. Most begin in the moist tissues around the mouth, nose and throat. Symptoms include:
* A lump or sore that will not heal
* Sore throat that does not go away
* Difficulty swallowing
* Voice changes or hoarseness Read the rest of this entry »
Cancer, skin cancer: prevention by eating broccoli
According to a study by researchers at Johns Hopkins University, broccoli 25% decreases the likelihood of developing skin cancer.
Always known that eating fruits and vegetables is good for the body.
Always doctors and nutritionists recommend eating lots of fruits and vegetables because the beneficial effects on healthy life and to take over five servings per day.
Broccoli, cauliflower and Brussels sprouts are used as adjuvants in cancer therapy because foods contain significant amounts of magnesium, potassium, calcium, as well as of sulfur compounds. Are rich in chlorophyll, mucilage, fiber, vitamins C, A, K.